A review of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanostructures application in Dye sensitize Solar Cells (DSSCs)

Abstract

The global demand for sustainable energy has accelerated research into next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Because of their affordability, versatility, and ease of manufacturing, dye-sensitized solar cells, (DSSCs) have become a viable substitute for traditional silicon-based solar cells. Among the various semiconductor materials employed as photoanodes in DSSCs, zinc oxide (ZnO) has garnered significant attention. Its unique properties, including a wide direct bandgap, high electron mobility, and diverse nano-structural forms, make it a compelling candidate for en hancing cell performance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ZnO nanostructures, beginning with a discussion of various synthesis methods and their associated characterization techniques. We then delve into the fundamental of optical, electrical, and structural properties that make ZnO an ideal photoanode material. The core of this review analyzes the specific applications of ZnO in DSSCs, exploring its role in light absorption, dye interac tion, and charge transport dynamics. Finally, we address the current challenges and limitations, such as recombina tion losses and stability issues, and outline future research directions aimed at harnessing the full potential of ZnO nanostructures for high-efficiency solar energy conversion.