Menstrual Cycle and Female Athletics Performance: A Literature Review of Empirical Studies

Abstract

The menstrual cycle is a complex process influenced by hormonal changes and various physiological pathways. This study provides an overview of recent research on the relationship between menstrual cycle, exercise, and sports performance. The reviewed literature indicates that the menstrual cycle impacts physical performance, mood, and sleep quality, with hormonal changes affecting muscle strength,  endurance, metabolism, and thermoregulation. Awareness of the menstrual cycle's phases and their effects varies among athletes, many of whom reported fatigue and mood disturbances during menstruation. While physical activity helps mitigate menstrual symptoms and enhance well-being, its effects on performance metrics like VO2 max and power output are inconsistent due to individual variations and small sample sizes. From the reviewed studies, the paper concludes that a more personalized approach to training and performance strategies, considering the menstrual cycle's potential impact is required. Among others, the paper recommends that coaches and trainers should develop training schedules that account for individual athletes' menstrual cycles, potentially modifying the intensity and type of training based on the phase of the cycle